Figure 6 from: Dierickx K, Hanssens M, Rusuwa B, Snoeks J (2018) Trematocranus pachychilus, a new endemic cichlid from Lake Malawi (Teleostei, Cichlidae). ZooKeys 743: 153-166. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.743.22814

A new species of Trematocranus, T. pachychilus sp. n., is described from Lake Malawi. So far, it has only been found at Jafua Bay, Mozambique. It can easily be distinguished from T. labifer by its molariform pharyngeal dentition. A morphometric study, including 24 measurements and 15 counts, was done to compare the new species with T. microstoma and T. placodon. Trematocranus pachychilus is characterised by its thick lips. This species further differs from T. microstoma by its bicuspid (vs. unicuspid) outer oral teeth, wide (vs. small) pharyngeal bone, and its head shape. It resembles T. placodon, from which it can be distinguished by its straight to concave head profile (vs. rounded), less-developed pharyngeal bones (vs. hypertrophied), and the presence of small to minute teeth on the lateral parts of the dentigerous area on the lower pharyngeal bone. A key to the species of Trematocranus is provided

Trematocranus pachychilus, a new endemic cichlid from Lake Malawi (Teleostei, Cichlidae)

A new species of Trematocranus, T. pachychilus sp. n., is described from Lake Malawi. So far, it has only been found at Jafua Bay, Mozambique. It can easily be distinguished from T. labifer by its molariform pharyngeal dentition. A morphometric study, including 24 measurements and 15 counts, was done to compare the new species with T. microstoma and T. placodon. Trematocranus pachychilus is characterised by its thick lips. This species further differs from T. microstoma by its bicuspid (vs. unicuspid) outer oral teeth, wide (vs. small) pharyngeal bone, and its head shape. It resembles T. placodon, from which it can be distinguished by its straight to concave head profile (vs. rounded), less-developed pharyngeal bones (vs. hypertrophied), and the presence of small to minute teeth on the lateral parts of the dentigerous area on the lower pharyngeal bone. A key to the species of Trematocranus is provided

Ambient temperature and relative humidity-based drift correction in frequency domain electromagnetics using machine learning

Electromagnetic instrument responses suffer from signal drift that results in a variable response at a given location over time. If left uncorrected, spatiotemporal aliasing can manifest and global trends or abrupt changes might be observed in the data, which are independent of subsurface electromagnetic variations. By performing static ground measurements, we characterized drift patterns of different electromagnetic instruments. Next, we performed static measurements at an elevated height, approximately 4 metre above ground level, to collect a data set that forms the basis of a new absolute calibration methodology. By additionally logging ambient temperature variations, battery voltage and relative humidity, a relation between signal drift and these parameters was modelled using a machine learning (ML) approach. The results show that it was possible to mitigate the effects of signal drift; however, it was not possible to completely eliminate them. The reason is three-fold: (1) the ML algorithm is not yet sufficiently adapted for accurate prediction; (2) signal instability is not explained sufficiently by ambient temperature, relative humidity and battery voltage; and (3) the black-box internal (factory) calibration impeded direct access to raw data, which prevents accurate evaluation of the proposed methodology. However, the results suggest that these challenges are not insurmountable and that ML can form a viable approach in tackling the drift problem instrument specific in the near future

Quantifying the Sensitivity of Target Dose on Intrafraction Displacement in Intracranial Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Purpose: Mask-immobilized stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) using a gating window is an emerging technology. However, the amount of intracranial tumor motion that can be tolerated during treatment while satisfying clinical dosimetric goals is unknown. The purpose of this study was to quantify the sensitivity of target dose to tumor motion. Methods and Materials: In clinical SRS plans, where a nose marker was tracked as surrogate for target motion, translational and rotational target movements were simulated using nose-marker displacements of ±0.5 mm, ±1.0 mm, or ±1.5 mm. The effect on minimum dose to 99% of the target (D99) and percent target coverage by prescription dose was quantified using mixed-effect modeling with variables: displacement, target volume, and location. Results: The effect on dose metrics is statistically larger for translational displacements compared with rotational displacements, and the effect of pitch rotations is statistically larger compared with yaw rotations. The mixed-effect model for translations showed that displacement and target volume are statistically significant variables, for rotation the variable target distance to rotation axis is additionally significant. For mean target volume (12.6 cc) and translational nose-marker displacements of 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, and 1.5 mm, D99 decreased by 2.2%, 7.1%, and 13.0%, and coverage by 0.4%, 1.8%, and 4.4%, respectively. For mean target volume, mean distance midpoint-target to pitch axis (7.6cm), and rotational nose-marker displacement of 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, and 1.5 mm, D99 decreased by 1.0%, 3.6%, and 6.9%, and coverage by 0.2%, 0.8%, and 1.9%, respectively. For rotational yaw axis displacement, mean distance midpoint-target axis (4.2cm), D99 decreased by 0.3%, 1.2%, and 2.5%, and coverage by 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.5%, respectively. Conclusions: Simulated target displacements showed that sensitivity of tumor dose to motion depends on both target volume and target location. Suggesting that patient- and target-specific thresholds may be implemented for optimizing the balance between dosimetric plan accuracy and treatment prolongation caused by out-of-tolerance motion

Maternal immunization: where are we now and how to move forward?

<p>Pregnancy and the postpartum period are associated with elevated risks to both mother and infant from infectious disease. Vaccination of pregnant women, also called maternal immunization, has the potential to protect pregnant women, foetuses and infants from several vaccine-preventable diseases. Maternal immunoglobulin G antibodies are actively transferred through the placenta to provide passive immunity to new-borns during the first months of life, until the time for infant vaccinations or until the period of greatest susceptibility has passed. Currently, inactivated influenza, tetanus, and pertussis vaccines are recommended during pregnancy in many countries, but other vaccines may also be administered to pregnant women when risk factors are present. Several new vaccines with a specific indication for use during pregnancy are under development (e.g. respiratory syncytial virus and group B streptococcus vaccines). Years of experience suggest that maternal immunization against influenza, tetanus or pertussis has an acceptable safety profile, is well tolerated, effective and confers significant benefits to pregnant women and their infants. This review describes the principles of maternal immunization and provides an update of the recent evidence regarding the use and timing of maternal immunization. Finally, the barriers preventing wider vaccination coverage and the current limitations in addressing these are also described (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2017.1421320" target="_blank">Supplementary Material</a>).Key messages</p><p>Maternal immunization gives pregnant women greater protection against infectious diseases; induces high levels of maternal antibodies that can be transferred to the foetus; and helps protect new-borns during their first months of life, until they are old enough to be vaccinated.</p><p>Pregnant women and new-borns are more vulnerable to infectious diseases than the overall population; nevertheless, vaccination rates are often low in pregnant women.</p><p>This review provides an update of the recent evidence regarding the use and timing of maternal immunization and describes the barriers preventing wider vaccination uptake and the current limitations in addressing these.</p><p></p> <p>Maternal immunization gives pregnant women greater protection against infectious diseases; induces high levels of maternal antibodies that can be transferred to the foetus; and helps protect new-borns during their first months of life, until they are old enough to be vaccinated.</p> <p>Pregnant women and new-borns are more vulnerable to infectious diseases than the overall population; nevertheless, vaccination rates are often low in pregnant women.</p> <p>This review provides an update of the recent evidence regarding the use and timing of maternal immunization and describes the barriers preventing wider vaccination uptake and the current limitations in addressing these.</p

DNA barcoding fishes from the Congo and the Lower Guinean provinces: assembling a reference library for poorly inventoried fauna

The Congolese and Lower Guinean ichthyological provinces are understudied hotspots of the global fish diversity. Here, we barcoded 741 specimens from the Lower and Middle Congo River and from three major drainage basins of the Lower Guinean ichthyological province, Kouilou‐Niari, Nyanga and Ogowe. We identified 194 morphospecies belonging to 82 genera and 25 families. Most morphospecies (92.8%) corresponded to distinct clusters of DNA barcodes. Of the four morphospecies present in both neighbouring ichthyological provinces, only one showed DNA barcode divergence <2.5%. A small fraction of the fishes barcoded here (12.9% of the morphospecies and 16.1% of the barcode clusters representing putative species) were also barcoded in a previous large‐scale DNA analysis of freshwater fishes of the Lower Congo published in 2011 (191 specimens, 102 morphospecies). We compared species assignments before and after taxonomic updates and across studies performed by independent research teams and observed that most cases of inconsistent species assignments were due to unknown diversity (undescribed species and unknown intraspecific variation). Our results report more than 17 putative new species and show that DNA barcode data provide a measure of genetic variability that facilitates the inventory of underexplored ichthyofaunae. However, taxonomic scrutiny, associated with revisions and new species descriptions, is indispensable to delimit species and build a coherent reference library.status: Published onlin

DNA barcoding fishes from the Congo and the Lower Guinean provinces: Assembling a reference library for poorly inventoried fauna

The Congolese and Lower Guinean ichthyological provinces are understudied hotspots of the global fish diversity. Here, we barcoded 741 specimens from the Lower and Middle Congo River and from three major drainage basins of the Lower Guinean ichthyological province, Kouilou-Niari, Nyanga and Ogowe. We identified 194 morphospecies belonging to 82 genera and 25 families. Most morphospecies (92.8%) corresponded to distinct clusters of DNA barcodes. Of the four morphospecies present in both neighbouring ichthyological provinces, only one showed DNA barcode divergence <2.5%. A small fraction of the fishes barcoded here (12.9% of the morphospecies and 16.1% of the barcode clusters representing putative species) were also barcoded in a previous large-scale DNA analysis of freshwater fishes of the Lower Congo published in 2011 (191 specimens, 102 morphospecies). We compared species assignments before and after taxonomic updates and across studies performed by independent research teams and observed that most cases of inconsistent species assignments were due to unknown diversity (undescribed species and unknown intraspecific variation). Our results report more than 17 putative new species and show that DNA barcode data provide a measure of genetic variability that facilitates the inventory of underexplored ichthyofaunae. However, taxonomic scrutiny, associated with revisions and new species descriptions, is indispensable to delimit species and build a coherent reference library.</p